A highly nutritional margarine



' 2,921,855 7 A HIGHLY NUTRITIONAL Daniel Melnick, Teaneck, and Chester M. Gooding, Westfield, N.J., assignors to Corn Products Company, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application June 19, 1957 Serial No. 666,762

6 Claims. c1. 99-122 This invention relates to a novel margarine the fat of which is characterized by having a high essential fatty acid content and, more particularly, it pertains to a highly nutritious margarine the fat of which having high essential fatty acid content and relatively low trans fatty acid content and to the method of preparing the same.

Hydrogenated fats previously known have been subject to frequent criticism in both the scientific and lay press, since there is a decrease in essential fatty acid content and a development of isomers of fatty acids, eig. trans oleic acid, as a result 'of hydrogenation of oil.

That the essential fatty acids found in limpid vegetable oils are important nutrients is well established by the large number of publications on this subject. The term essential means that these fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acid, cannot be produced within the body but must be furnished preformed in the diet fed to; the animal organism. Whereas the active metabolic "form of the essential fatty acids in the animal body is arachidonic acid, linoleic and linolenic acid are convertible to arachidonic acid in vivo, the transformation being'expedited by vitamin B Thus, any one of the three fatty acids mentioned can serve as a source of the essential fatty acids. From the practical standpoint, however, the only abundant and dependable dietary source is linoleic acid, found in rich supply in the limpid unhydrogenated domestic vegetable oils. ing Table l.

The essential fatty acids have been shown to be required as dietary components for every animal species studied. Not only are they required for proper growth, reproduction, lactation and longevity and for normal tis- This is illustrated by the follow- Average fatty 4 selective" conditions, thereis a minimal increase in the" selectiveconditionsf The latter conditions permit some .2 TABLE 1 Typical essential fatty acid contents of oils and fats linoleic Linolenic Acid, Acid,

percent percent Oil or Fat Source percent Domestic-vegetable.

o "f-u-mnooq-Qocoo o 99 .wlzowooaoooco o sue"structure, but also for control of normal plasma and liver cholesterol levels and of normal liver lipid levels; In hydrogenating an oil for margarine production under concentration of the saturated fatty acids. There occurs preferential hydrogenation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to 'oleic acid, in the course of which trans-isomers are produced. 1 H

Inthe" production of oils for shortening manufacture there is some increase in the concentration of the saturated fatty acids. The oils for shortening manufacture are hydrogenated to a greater degree under nonconversion of oleic to stearic acid so that the total saturated fatty acid content tends to be about 10 to 15 pefcent greater than that of the starting oil. For a given iodine value decrease on hydrogenation under selective conditions, there tends to be a greater development of trans-acids.

The changes which occur in oils on hydrogenation for margarine or shortening manufacture are illustrated by the data in the following two tables. Table 2 presents the average fatty composition of margarine type fats from 1932 until the present day. 7

TABLE 2 acid compositionsof margarine fats in relation to other oils Fatty Acid Composition 1 Characterization of v Unsaturates Iodin Fat No.

Satu- Oleic, Lmoleic, Llno- Essen- Trans,- rated, perperpercent lenic, tial, perpercent cent cent percent cent Margarine Fats a A. Former coconut oil type 1. 20.0 75.0 18. 6 2.0 0.0 2 0 2. 0 V 7 (main) (man) 13. Straight hydrogenated domestic oil type 73. 0 19. 4 71. 3 4. 9 0. 0 3. 7 35. 3 0. As B, but olthe plastic type---" 80. 0 16. 4 69.5 9. 7 V 0. 0 6. 9 35. 0 Oils before hydrogenation: I a

D. Cottonseed oil 109. 0 24. 5 21. 6 49. 5 0. 0 48. 0 2.3 E. Soybean oil 135. 0 11. 7 26. 2 50.7 7. 2 59. 1 2. 6 F. 50:50 blend of D+E 122. 0 18. 0 23. 9 50. 1 3. 6 53. 6 2. 5 Reference Fat:

G. Butter 41. 0 54. 9 37. 2 2. 3 l 1. 2 3. 0 5. 0-9. 0

1 Composition of the margarine tats: A. A blend of 78% of coconut oil, 9% oleo oil, 7% lard and 6% hydrogenated cottonseed oil; this blend simulates the earlier composition of margarine fat at about 1932. v

50:50 0! whole margarine fats.

blend of cottonseed-soybean oils selectively hydrogenated directly to the constants characteristic 0. 50:50 blend of cottonseed-soybean oils selectlvelyhydrogenated, one portion to a degree in excess of that characteristic of whole margarine fats, and the other portion to a compensatmg lesser degree.

, According to the spectrophotometric method (Otfieial and Tentative Methods of the American Oil Chemists Society, Polyunsaturated Acids, Cd 7-48, revised May, 1953) following alkali isomerization to convert the polyunsaturated fatty acids to their light absorbing comugatedforms.

- 1 Based upon biological assay and expressed as linoleic acid equivalent (Deuel and associates, J. Nutrition "relevant absorption a It will be noted that with advances in the field of food technology, the change in margarine fat from the coconutoil to the domestic-oil type has been associated with a marked increase in both the essential fatty acid and in the transfatty acid contents. In recent years the. essential fatty acid content has'been increased even more according to both sjpectropho'tometric and biological assay. Compare values for oil C with those for oil B in Table 2. Nevertheless, the hydrogenated margarine oils are still characterized by their low essential fatty acid contentinsane I ver 'much less thaii'that of the original unhydrogenated oils. However, butter too has'avery low concentration of the essential fatty acids There is no bread spread available today, of butter-likeconsistency and eating. quality, comparable to the limpid unhydrogenated domestic vegetableoils as a source' of the essential fatty acids.

In the case of shortenings, the fatty'acid picture is as shown in Table 3. The products listed represent a variety of shortenings. Thus, product A' is one 'which' 'has'been hydrogenated under non-selective conditions to an iodine value of about 74 and then supplemented with a completely latter'being about-140 F. The same is true for'shortening C; The ,two frying shortenings, identified as products Brand, E,;have been hydrogenated directly to the iodine values indicated under more selective conditions. 1 Shortening. D: is a product hydrogenated under non-selective conditions but without supplementation with the very high melting component employed in, the manufacture of-shorteningsA and C. 7 1 .7 TABLE3 hydrogenated, vegetable fat, melting point of the This SCI test is widely used today as a convenient, reproducible, albeit arbitrary measure of the solids in a fat at diiferent temperatures. Thus, fats containing less solids at 50 F. are more spreadableor workable in the cold. Fats containingmore solids at elevatedtemperatures (viz., at 92 F.) are firmer and less likely to show oil separatio'n. V In the case ofmar'garine'fats, it'is desirable that the SCI figures at92 F. be low since such fats must melt readily in the mouth (body temperature=98.6 F.). Shortenings have much higher SCI values at 92 F. since they are neither eaten as such-nor are they marketed or stored in the refrigerator.

TABLE 4 Further characterization of present day margarine and shortening fats.

. Analytical Solids Content Index at- Constants I Fat M.P., Iodin '50 F. 7091*. 80 F. 92 F.

F. No.

Margarine-B 96.0 73.0 34.9 20.0 14.5 3.7 Margarine fl 96.0 80.0 126.0 15.0 10.4 3.8 Shortening-A 114.3 69.5 126:5 18. 2 I 17.1 11.7

r Shortening-43.- 106.9 67. 2 40.2 27 .8 24. 5 14. 2 Sh0rtening,-C 115.3 75.5 26.4 16.8 15.4 11.5 Shortening-D 109. 0 59. 4 43. 0 33. 0 28. 0 18. 0

. Shortening?E' 103. 3 60. e 49. 5 33. 7 29.0 i is. 2

. An object of this inventionlisto provide a novel margarine of highnutritional value, i.e. one containing a fat I Average fatty acid 'c omposition of hydrogenated shortening fats Fatty Acid Composition Characteristics of Unsaturates Iodine Base Oil Shortening No.

' Satur- .Oleic, Linoleic, Lino- Essen- Trans, ated, perpercent percent lenic,,per-' tial, perpercent cent cent cent A. Soybean All-purpose". 69.5 28.5 57.9 9.2 0.0 4.5 27.2 B. Soybean--- Frying 67.2 20.8 74.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 C. -'Soybean Emulsified 75.5 24.5. 64.0 7.1 0.0 3.8 28.8 DrCottonseed All-purpose 59.4 36.3 i 52.5 6.8 0.0 10.2 23.5 E. Cottonseed Frying -60.6 30.4 63.1 2.1' 0.0 1.0 26.2

It will be noted that the shortenings'like the marga' 11 e fats all contain a very low concentration of linoleic acid relative to that of the original'oils (see- Table 2) *and' that all the'linolenic acid'in' the starting soybean oil is hydrogenated in the process. Essential fatty acid content,

expressed as biologically active linoleic acid,'is also greatly reduced and the trans fatty acid content is greatly increased. The small trans acid content of the original. unhydrogenated oils (see Table 2) may bea reflection of the non-specificity of the analytical test; the small amount of infra-red absorption in the critical region of the spectrum attributed to trans acid content may be due to ir- In Table 4 are listed the analytical constants obtained in testing the margarine and shortening fats as currently produced in the art. Melting point has been determined by the Wiley method, and iodine value according to the Wijs method. Of particular value are the figures fpr the solids content index (SCI) of each of the fats selected forillustrative purposes. For this purpose, the dilatometric method as described by Fulton and associates (IA OCS 31198, 1954) has been employed. As the solids in a given fat'rnelt, there is an increase in volume. Calculations based upon the volume occupied by a given weight of fat at specific test temperatures in relation to the volume' occupied by the same weight of the fat in the completely melted state provide the .so calledsolids content indextSCI) of the fat at these test temperatures.-

garine.

fof 'highessential fatty acid content and still retaining the :high essential fatty'acid content and still retaining the functional qualities/of conventional solid fats in margarine; v

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become' apparent from the following description and explanation thereof. a

A Inaccordance with the present invention, it is contemplated providing a margarine the fat of which contains about 1-5 to,60% essential fatty acid,-notmore than about 10% trans oleic acid, a solids content index at F. of about 1.5 to S'times the solids'con tent index at 9 2 F. and having the fatty acid radicals of the glycerides, in. random distribution. The fat. of the present invention has a sol-idscontent'index of at least 4'at'70 F. As previously indicated, fats containing highquantities of essential acids. are most desirable because of their nutritional valuei The limpid vegetable oils of domestic origin (see-Table 1) contain in their naturally occurring state large quantities of essential fatty acids and are almost free of trans fatty. acids. The trans fatty acids are produced during hydrogenation. The glycerides making up the limpid vegetable oils contain the fatty acid radicals in what is termed even distribution. Even distribution of a given fatty acid in a fat or oil means that the fatty acid has as wide a distribution in the triglyceride molecules as possible, viz. no appreciable quantities of triglycerides of this fatty acid are found until 60% or more of the total fatty acid content (expressed on the molar basis) is this fatty acid. The original pattern of even distribution of fatty acid radicals is not disturbed by subjecting the oil or fat to partial hydrogenation, whether it be under selective or non-selective conditions. It is only through the mechanism of the present invention that the pattern of distribution of fatty acid radicals in the glyccride molecules of the oil or fat is changed to that of random distribution; i.e. one in which the fatty acids combine with the glycerol in accordance with chance. Random distribution follows the probability curve. Whether an oil has random or even distribution of fatty acid radicals can be ascertained by subjecting the oil to an inter-esterification treatment or ester interchange and then checking for changes in the physical properties, viz. in the solids content index, of the inter-esterified product with those of the oilbefore inter-esterification. If'the fatty acids in a fat .are already combined with the glycerol according to the pattern of random distribution, there will be no change in the solids content indices over a temperature'range of 50 to 92 F. as a result of inter-esterification. If the oil or fat has even distribution of fatty acid radicals, the solids content index will be changed by inter-esterification. Thus, in using the expression fat having the fatty acid radicals in random distribution we means fats which have undergone an' inter-esterification process.

Important changes are effected by inter-esterification in accordance with the method of the present invention. A limpid or lightly hydrogenated oil can be blended or mixed with a completely or more highly hydrogenated fat and inter-esterified to rearrange the fatty acid radicals so as to impart to the blend as a whole, firmness characteristic of margarine fats or shortening fats. Furthermore, the inter-esterification reaction, which effects random distribution, causes a desirable change in the solids content index such that the product will have desirable mouthing qualities and firmness at room and lower tem peratures which is expected and needed in the caseof margarine or shortening fat. In general, the. interesterified product has a solids content index at 505 F. of from 1.5 to 8 times that at 92 F., and more particularly, the solids content index for the margarine fat at 50 F. varies from 2 to 8 times that at 92 F., and for the shortening fat about 1.5 to 4 times thatat 92 F. In certain baking operations the margarine fats of this invention may be used as shorteningsand vice versa.

The blend to be subjected to inter-esterification comprises on the one hand a limpid vegetable oil of iodine value of 85 to 155 and containing about 20 to 75% essential fatty acid, e.g. oils derived from peanut, sesame, cottonseed, corn, sunflower, soybean, safflower or lightly hydrogenated oils, and on the other hand a hydrogenated fraction of fat free of linoleic acid radicals and containing not more than about 40% trans fatty acid radicals. The lightly hydrogenated oil is characterized by still containing about 20 to 50% of linoleic acid. For the purpose of the invention it is preferred to use as the firm component of the blend a hydrogenated fat which is completely hydrogenated so as to be essentially free of trans fatty acids. When using a completely hydrogenated fat, less is required in preparing the blend for. the inter-esterification treatment. For example, the blend to be used in making a margarine fat may contain about 10 to 30% by weight of completely hydrogenated fat, and in the case of shortening, a completely hydrogenated fat may comprise about 15 to 40%by weight of the total blend, On the other hand, an incompletely hydrogenated fat will be. used in larger quantities for margarine fat produc-v tion, e.g. about 20 to 40% by weight of the blend. The

heavily hydrogenated fat can be derived from the hydrogenation of vegetable oils or from animal fat. This fat is characterized by having a high saturatedfatty acid content (principally stearic acid) which is then redis-v tributed in a random pattern in the finished product of this invention. In general, the hydrogenated fat has a melting point of about 125 to about 165 F., and an iodine number of about 0 to about 40. I V

In the selection of the components of the blend described hereinabove, the important consideration is that the final product after inter-esterification contains essen: tial fatty acids in required amounts and trans fatty acids in minimal amounts. The character of the individual These new margarines and shorteningsare stored and used as solid fats at certain temperatures and'materials designed to replace conventional margarine {and shortening fats should have prescribed solids content indices in order to obtain consumer acceptance. For-the purpose of this invention the product of inter-esterification is the fat having a solids content index at F, of at least about 4 and up to'about 20. The margarine fat has a. solids content index of about 4 to about 15 at 70 F., whereas the shortening fat has a solids content index of about 10 to 20 at 70F. a

The blend of oil and fat to be inter-esterified contains in general about 15 to 60% .by weight essential fatty acids in non-randomized distribution, more usually about 2 0 to 45 and preferably1about.25 to 40%'by weight. The trans fatty acid content of the blend runs not more than about 10%, and more usually not more than 6%, and preferably not more than about 4%. Since it is the purpose of this invention to simulate naturally occur- 'ring materials in respectto content of the essential fatty acids and trans fatty acids, the quantity of the former is controlled -to approximate what is found in limpid unhydrogenated domestic vegetable oils while the quantity of the latter (the trans acids) is held to the upper limit of that found in butter derived from milk, i.e. a material containing at most about 10% trans fatty acids. It is desired to blend an oil and fat in to produce an end-product having satisfactory physical characteristics and at the same time having the highest essential fatty acid content possible. The variation in the essential fatty acid content mentioned above it due to the fact that limpid oils will vary in their essential fatty acid content. It should be understood for the purpose of this specification and the appended'claims that limpidoil is intended to include a lightly hydrogenated vegetable oil. The variation in essential-fatty acid content can be illustrated by reference to peanut oil as being typical of a domestic vegetable oil, relatively low in essential fattyacid content oil, and safiiower as being typical of an oil high in essential fatty acid content. Whenthe limpid oil contains-about 50 to 60% essential fatty acid, and this involves, for example, oils from cottonseed, corn, sunflower, soybean, etc., the finished product can contain about 25' to 45% of essential fatty acids and a transfatty acid content not exceeding about 4% by weight. I H

The inter-esterification reaction is conducted at a temperature less than about 550 F. and more usually itis less than about .".00 Bin order to prevent isomerization proportions is preferredgthat air be excluded from the reaction content; While tir'aordinarily" high ess .erols; lbu tylated fliai ty 1 deterioration;

reaction is carried out until, equilibrium is reached and this may require from about 20 minutes to an hour. It

his is accomplished by operating'the process under reduced pressure or by'main'taining an atmosphere of inert gas, eg. nitrogenjor The reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst which can be any one'of the well-known varieties. For

this purpose, the catalyst includes sodium or potassium alkoxi'des; e.g. ,'sod1um methoxide, potassium propoxide, f

etc; *soda mide; cetalystseg'. hyrogen' chloride, sulfuric acid, phosphoric some; The catalyst can be of the; alkaline or acidic type for-the ester ii:iterchai1ge reaction but in the case of the acidic catalysts,"reaction 'times' are very'much longer than in the case of the alkaline catalysts. About 0.05%- fo-1% by" weight of catalyst based on theoiI and fat bleiid'is employed for the inter-esterification reaction. The-quantitylef catalyst will depend' to a large extent m me amountneeded 'to neutralize any; free fatty acid the blend in the case'of an alkaline'catalyst or to rea'ct fwit'h any moisture present therein, A guide for determining the amount of catalyst to be used is to measure the amount destroyed by the above two side reactionsian'd then employ about 0.1% in excess thereof;

and 7 hydrogen, inthe reaction vessel;

sodium-potassium alloy; anhydrous acid.

erature of about 150 to 200 The Atjthe end ofthe'reaction the catalyst; is removed by a Water washing with or without neutralization. After drying, the fat productmay be bleached-prior to deodorization by well known techniques and finally de- 'odorized. An alternative method for the 'inter-esterificationfreaction is disclosed; in theGoodiiig patent, US. 2,309,949, and thatdisclosureis incorporated herein by reference.- a I Y I In the event that the inter-esterified product contains more saturated fatty acids and be firmer than is desired, the quantity can be adjusted by blending with it a limpid oil of highessential f 'tty acid content to yield products of about 25 to 60% in essential fatty acid content. On

the'other hand, should the inter-esterifiedproduct-be.

tooflsoft forthe intended purpose, the productcanbe hardenedfor made .to have a higher melting "point by hydrogenation or'by blending with a firmer fat 'to'yield products oiabout' 15 '{to 50% in'essential fatty acid hydrogenation or blending with a firm but partially hydrogenated-fat tends to increase the trans fatty aeidscontent and reduce the essential 'fatty' acid content, these measures canjbe controlled to obtain a finished'product er thedesi red specifications.

' Since the fats of he present mvention contain, ex-

sirablejto'empleyantioxidants for the purpose of stabilizing' the Ys'a'me against deterioriation through oxidation. For this purpose, various antioxidants can be used, in-

' foriexample, tocophcluding the phenolic type such as,

' function in addition to stabilizing the fat? With'the greater human consumption of 1 essential fatty acids'there isgreater need for vitamin-E. -Vitamin E is an antieritial fatty acid contents it is de=' hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxy-.

diamine tetra-acetic acid, etc; acidsynergists areadded in an Therefore, means of supplementing the diet with extra antioxidants in an amount up to about 1% based on the margarine. 'Theinter-esterified product is used as the fat constituent of margarine or as a shortening fat. Presently a margarine is defined by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Government as a product containing not less than 80% fat and roughly 20% skim milk-with or without salt (sodium chloride). The fat of the present invention used in. margarine provides a food of substantially greater nutritional value than butter or margarines of the prior art. As previously noted, butter is very low in essential fatty acid content, and conventional margarines currently being produced are only somewhat better in this respect. Similarly, thev fat of the present invention, as a shortening, will possess higher nutritional value than any shortening previously known in the food industry and of comparable solids content index.

In order to provide a fuller understanding of the present invention, reference will be had to specific examples, and it should be understod that1no undue restrictions or limitations should be implied as to the scope of the inventionby reason thereof. The'following examples are offered as being typical of "the inter-esterification procedure and the productto :be' obtained. therefrom. The procedures for the ester interchanges followed either No. 1 or No. 2 described below. 7

7 The details as employed 'inExample No. 10 are here:

with given. 375 g. of refined limpid soybean oil and 125 g. of completely hydrogenated cottonseed fat were blended and heated while stirring in a stream of nitrogen gas to a temperature of 250 F. in order to eliminate any moisture present. After cooling to 180 F., 1.5 g. of commercial sodium methoxide were added and stirring was continued in an atmosphere of nitrogen for minutes at a temperature between 170 F. and 195 F. At the end of this period 3 /2 g. of citric acid in 100 ml. of water were added with stirring continued for about 5 minutes in order to decompose the'catalyst and to acidity any soaps formed. The product was then washed 4 times with a large volume of warm water, dried by evaporation under' reduced pressure, bleached with 2% bleachingv earthand 1% bleaching carbon, filtered and finally deodorizedx The product was found'to have a melting-point of 102.4 F. and its iodinepvalue was 99.6. Its combined linoleic and linolenic acid content was 44.6% and trans'fatty acid content was 2.0%.

, PROCEDURE no. 2

. 7350 lb. of completely hydrogenated cottonseed fat and oxidant whichis absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract andjunctions in vivo. The limpid oils which are used in'the present inventiori are rich; inrnaturaltocopherols', including alpha-tocopherol. Thelatter is by far the most effective iri vitamin Eiactivityf Byj i'ricorporating additional quantities of antioxidantsfin thefats of "this invention the ingested alpha-tocopherol is better pro- 34,650 lb. of refined and bleached limpid cottonseed oil were mixed and heated underreduced pressure to F. in order to completely dry the fat mixture and reaction kettle. 75 lb. of powdered sodium methoxide was introduced through a suction tube and stirring continued for one hour. Soon after introduction of the catalyst, a red-brown color developed in the reaction mixture which persisted until after the reaction period when the contents of the reaction vessel were allowed to come to atmospheric pressure and water-washing was begun. Removalof catalyst and refining of the reaction mixture were simultaneously accomplished by introducing a spray of Warm .water over the surface of the jquiescent reaction mixture, Washing was continued while withdrawing the sedimented wash'water from the bottom of the kettle until; the wash water. was essentially free of 9 alkali. After this refining operation, the purified reaction mixture was passed through a continuous vacuum drier into a bleaching kettle where it was bleached un der reduced pressure by agitation with 1 /2% bleaching clay. The bleaching clay was removed by filtration and the product was deodorized in the conventional manner. It was found to have a melting point of 100.8 F. and an iodine value of 90.6. Its linoleic acid content was 40.7% and trans fatty acid content was 1.9%.

In order to demonstrate the difference between the fat obtained by the method of the present invention and that obtained by blending a high melting fat with an oil of low melting point, a comparison is presented in Table 5 below. The blend of high melting fat and a limpid unhydrogenated oil is known as a compound-shortening. Such products are rich in essential fatty acids and have an exceedingly wide plastic range, that is, they are spreadable at cold temperatures and resistant to oiling 011 at elevated temperatures.

ings, it is apparent that the compound blends exhibit a greaterrange of plasticity. However, none of the blends in Table 5, i.e. blends A-Einclusive, is satisfactory for the manufacture of margarine because the SCIvalues at 92 F. are too high and interfere markedly with mouthing qualities. These blends appear salve-like in the mouth and fail to melt readily to a free oil. In contrast to blends A-E, Examples 1-3 of Table 5 represent margarine fats produced in accordance with the present invention. It will be noted that the SCI values for Examples 1-3 decrease from 50 F. to 92 F. in a manner showing that these fats are excellent for-use in margarine formulations. The low SCI values of 50 F. indicate that these margarine fats are more spreadable at cold temperatures than conventional margarines. This is illustrated by a comparison of examples in Table 5 with the margarine fats in Table 4. It is apparent that by means of ester interchange or inter-esterification it is possible to produce fats which are softer at low temperatures than TABLE 5 Cottonseed oil blends before and after ester Interchange Analytical Solids Content Index at- Unhydrogen- Completely Constants Identity ated Oil, per- Hydrogenated cent Fat, percent M.P., Iodin 50 F. 70 F. 80 F. 92 F.

F. No.

100 110. 4 r 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Cmpments 100 140 1. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. o 100, o Blend A 85 15 122. 4 94. 5 17.0 17. 3 16. 7 17. 0 Example 1 l Blend A after ester interchange 96. 8 93. 6 12. 8 7. 3 5. 7 3. 9 Blend B 82.5 17. 5 124. 2 90. 6 19. 5 19. 7 19. 2 19. 5 Example 2 Blend B after $126! interchange 100. 8 90. 6 16. 5 10. l 8.2 6. 0 Blend C i 125. 6 88. 7 21. 8 22. 3 22. 0 22. 4 Example 3 Blend 0 after ester interchange 102. 9 88. 3 18. 3 11. 9 9. 6 7. 2 Blend D 127. 4 83. 8 26. 0 26.0 25. 9 26. 8 Example 4 Blend D after ester interchange 106. 9 82. 8 21. 5 l3. 2 10. 7 9. 0 Blend E 70 I 128. 2 77. 4 31. 2 31. 3 31. 0 31. 4 Example 5 1 Blend E after ester interchange 109. 4 77. 0 24. 3 16. 4 14. 5 12. 5

1 Blends inter-esterified by Procedure No. 1.

I Blend tnter-esterified by Procedure No. 2.

Blends A-E, inclusive, in Table 5 above are characteristic of compound shortenings. It is noted that these blends have a plateau in SCI (solids content index) from 50 F. to 92 F. By comparison with the values of conventional margarine fats and yet are equivalent or almost equivalent in mouthing qualities, not to mention the substantially enhanced nutritional value.

- In Table 6 below additional examples of inter-esterified those fats shown in Table 4 for conventional shortenor ester interchanged products are given.

TABLE 6 Other ozl blends before and after ester interchange Analytical Solids Content Index at- Constants Identity of Oil Unhydrogenated 011, per- Hydrogenated Fat, percent or Fat cent M.P., Iodine F. F. F. 92 F.

F. No.

Cottonseed (CSO). 110.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. Peanut (PNO) V 97. 8 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. gorg 8136) 3 8'8 0 0 0 can .0 0. 0 0. C(JmPmlents e y Cottonseed (CSO) 1. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. Soybean (SBO- l. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. Peanut (PNO)- 1. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. Soybean (SB O- 30. 5 88. 7 85. 2 82. 5 79. Blend F (PN0). 15 (CSO) 79. a 14. 9 15. 3 15. 1 15. Example 6 Blend F after ester interchange 94. 78. 8 V 10. 1 4. 1 2. 2 1. Blend G 75 (PNO) 25 (Geo 130.1 73. 7 2s. 1 25. 2 25.1 25. Example 7 Blend G after ester interchange V 101. 2 73. 2 18. 2 9. 3 6. 5 5. Blend H..." so 00 l 20 SBO-1) 135. 7 99. 4 20.8 21. 9 22. 5 23. Example 8 Blend H after ester interchange 98. 6 98. 8 8. 3 4. 4 2. 8 2. Blend I 75 (00) 25 (3130-1) 140.1 94. 8 26.2 26. 3 26.2 26. Example 9 Blend I after ester interchange 100. 5 94. 4 16. 4 7. 9 5. 8 4. Blend 3' 75 (8130) 25 CSO) 128. 5 100.0 22. 9 24. 7 24. 4 26. Example 10 Blend I after ester interchange 102. 4 99. 6 13. 1 7. 0 5. 4 4. Blend K 70 (S) CSO) 133. 4 92. 9 28.0 28. 1 28.2 28. Example 11 Blend K after ester interchange 103. 6 92. 4 19. 3 10.1 7. 8 6. Blend L 42.5(CSO)+40(OO) 7.5 (SBO-1)+10(PNO) 131.0 97.0 19.7 19.9 19.9 20. Example 12 Blend L after ester interchange 99. 7 96. 4 11. 6 6. 1 4. 3 3. Blend 1 37.5(080) +35(CO) I 12.5(SBO1)+15((PNO) 135. 0 86. 4 29. 2 29. 3 29. 4 29. Example 13 Blend M after ester interchange 101.0 86. 0 l9. 7 10. 0 7. 7 5. Blend N 70 (PNO) -I 30 (SBO2)..- L 130.6 73.1 29.2 29. 3 29.3 29. Example 14 1 Blend N after ester interchange 101. 6 72. 9 19. 0 10. 1 7. 1 5. Blend 0 70 (PNO) 30 (PNO)- 133. 2 67. 4 33. 0 33. 8 33.4 33. Example 15 1 Blend 0 after ester interchange 113. 4 66. 9 27. 7 14. 6 12.8 11.

1 Blends lnter-esterifled by Procedure N0. 1.

ORIONIZJNOHObblONUUhNONNMOW-OOOOOOO 7 completely hydrogenated fats.

' ventional margarines Iii-Table- 6 are shown results 'obtainedi when-other;

liinpid oils areusedlin' cottonseed-oil and when otherrnore or less completely. 'liydrogenated fats 'areemployed in'- place of the completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil; Thus, Examples 6%11, 'show additional novel margarine fatsof the present invention. Examples 12- and 1-3"are' illustrative of novel margarine fats; obtained by ester interchange ofa blend comprising two or more limpid oils and two or more the present invention the Int-he less preferred fats of be allowed to attain thattrans fatty acid content may concentration which is found in soineof the naturally occur ing fats, viz., -9% in butter (see Table 2). 'A heavily but incompletely'hydrogenated vegetable oil, but one still substantially free of essential fatty acid, may then beused, as the firming-up agent butof necessity in greater ratio than would be used otherwise; compare Eirample 14- with Example 7. *It also follows that essential fatty acid activity is less in the case of products made with the incompletely hydrogenated fats as the firmingup agent, varying from about; to 30%, but yet very much greater than the essential fatty acid content of con (compare value in Table 7- for Example 14 with those in Table 2 for conventional margarine oils). Because of the trans fatty acid content of the incompletely hydrogenated vegetable oil component of the starting blend, the temperature of interesterification is preferably in the low effective range, viz. 150-200 F. In this way further trans fatty acid production is prevented.

Example 15 is illustrative of an additional shortening fat made through the ester interchange reaction between limpid vegetable oil and completely hydrogenated vegetable oil other than cottonseed oil. Obviously, in attaining the objects of the present invention, a margarine or shortening fat high in essential fatty acid activity and very low in trans fatty acid content, any limpid or lightly hydrogenated domestic vegetable oil rich in the essential fatty acids, viz. above about may be employed as V the base oil. Any heavily oi:'completely hydrogenated fat may be used as the firming-up agent, including those place 0f the; unhydrogenated of animal origin. The more'nearly completely hydrogen- 1'2 ated: are these fats, the lessis the possibility oftransfatty acids. being introduced into the final fat. Thus, we use, to equal advantage, completely hydrogenated tallow 'or completely hydrogenated lardin place of the completely hydrogenated vegetable oils described. When the animal fats are completely hydrogenated, or nearly so;'they lose their identities and become interchangeable with the completely hydrogenated (or nearly completely hydrogenated) vegetable oils. I

In Table 7 below are listed the compositions of the examples described in Tables 5 and 6. a

In Table 7, the'linoleic (and linolenic) acid content of the new fats after ester interchange equals that of the original unhydrogenated vegetable oil multiplied by its percentage inthe blend prior to the ester interchange. The linoleic (and linolenic) acid being unmodified (i-.e'. still having the natural cis. configurations), exhibit full essential fatty acid activity. The trans fatty acidconcentrations in the preferred fats. of the present invention are no greater than those in the original unhydrogenated vegetable oils themselves, probably zero in magnitude for every example other thau-Examplel l after correcting for irrelevant infra-red absorption (as mentioned earlier). Only in the case of Example 14 are the trans fatty acids present in significant concentration, but in this case, illustrative of the less preferred; fats of the present invention, the trans acids are no greater than that found in butter fat, average of about 7%,range 59%. It will be observed from Tables 5 and 6 that the novel shortening fats of this invention differ from, the novel'margarine fats principally in having a smaller ratio of solidsat F. to solids at 92 F.' In general; the' shortenings have a solids content index at' 50 1 of from 1.5- to 4'times that at 92 F., whereas they margarinefats have a solids content index at. 50? F. of from 2 to 8 times that'at 92 F. This difference is due to the fact that a greater concentration of completely hydrogenated fatis used in the preparation of shortening than in the case ofmargarine fat with the'pesult thesolidsriontentY-index increases percentagevlise more rapidly at 92 Ethan. at 50 F.

Plant production runs have been made using the novel fats of the present invention. For illustrative purposes TABLE 7 V 7 Fatty aczd camposztzon of the examples llsted m Tables 5 and 6 Fatty Acid Composition Characterization of Unsaturates w Iodin V Identity of Oil or Fat N o.

e Satur- Olerc, Linoleic, 'Lino- Essen- Trans, ated, perpercent percent lenic, tial, perpercent cent percent 7 cent Unhydrogenated cottonseed oil 110. 4 22. 7 23. 6 49. 3 0. 0 49. 3 2. 3 Unhydrogenated peanut oil;" '97. 8 12. 5 57. 9 25. 3 0. 0 25.3 1.8 Unh'yd'rogenated corn oil 126.0 10.4 31.0 54.2 0. 0 54. 2 2. 5 Unhydrogenated'soybean oil 132. 2 12. 4 23. 8 5 2. 6 6. 8 59.4 2. 6 Hydrogenated cottonseed fat 1.0 94.5 1.1 O. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Hydrogenated soybean fat-1. .4. 1. 0 94:5 1. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Hydrogenated peanut at 1.0 94:5 1. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Hydrogenated soybean fat-2 30. 5 61. 7' e 33. 9 0.0 0.0 0. 0 23.8 Example: r I

1 (Margarine)- 93. 6 33.8 20.0 41.8 0.0 41.8 2.0 2 (l\/Ia.rgarine) 90. 6 36. 0 18. 9 40. 7 0. 0 40. 7 1.9 V 3 (Margarine) 88. 3 37. 4 18. S 39. 4 0. 0 39. 4 1.8 Example:

4 (Shortening) 82.8 40. l 19. 3 36. 2 0. 0 36. 2 1. 7 5 (Shortening) 77. 0 44. 9 16.2 '34. 5 l 0. 0 34. 5 1.6 Example: 7

6 (Margarine)' 78. 8 29. 8 44. 3 21. 5 0. 0 21. 5 1.0 7 (Margarine) 73. 2 33. 4 43. 2 '19. 0 0. 0 19.0 1. 5 Example:

8 (Margarine) 98.8 29. 6 22. 6 43. 4 0. 0 43. 4 2. 0 9 (Margarine) 94. 4 31. 7 23. 2 40. 7 0. 0 40. 7 1.9 Example:

10 (Margarine)--. 99. 6 35.2 15.8 39. 5 5.1 44. 6 2.0 11 (Margarine) 92. 4 39. 8 14. 2 36. 8 4. 8 41. 6 1.9 Example:

12 (Llargarine) 96'. 4 31. 6 21. 4 42. 6 0. O 42. 6 2. 0 13 (M argarine) 86. 0 37. 8 20. 3* 37. 5 0. 0 37. 5 1. 7 Example 14 (Margarine). 72. 9 32. 4 45. 5 17. 7 0. 0 17. 7 8. 5 r r Y r .7 Example 15 (Shortening) 66.9 39.0 38,9 17.7 0. 0 7 17. 7 1. 3

the experiences with our novel margarine fat of Example 2 are presented. From past experiences we have been led to believe-and this is generally accepted by those;

emulsion when forced into the mold by the screw-drive of the packaging machine (Morpac) is too soft so that in subsequent handling during wrapping and cartoning, crippling of the prints occurs. Under such circumstances it has been necessary to pre-chill such margarine overnight in the refrigerator at about 45 F. before packaging. Therefore, it was anticipated that margarine made with the margarine fats of the present invention, characterized by very low SCI values at both 50 and 70 F., would be impossible to package in an uninterrupted run. We had expected to store the chilled margarine emulsions at temperatures even as low as 25 F. prior to packaging if holding overnight at 45 F. still gave too soft a product.

In the manufacture of the margarine using-the conventional Votator :ass'embly (Bailey, A.E., 1951, Industrial Oil and'Fats'; lnterscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 2nd ed; pp. 921-3) involving a chilling A-unit and a quiescent B-unit, it has been found that the chilled extruded margarineemulsion is truly very soft, so soft that the extruded noodles run together to form a continuous mass. However, within about ten minutes after the chilled margarine emulsion made with Example 2 is extruded, it surprisingly sets up into a very firm product, actually firmer than that made with the conventional margarine fats; This firm plasticized product lends itself soft uniforinpla'stic body in the cold, in agreement with same way as does conventional margarine on being held chine; Once it is packaged, the product is then con- Yveniently held overnight at room temperature (about at elevated room temperature.

,In other words, the new margarine fat surprisingly provides a chilled plasticized margarine emulsion which is sutficiently .firm shortly after extrusion from the quies- "cent B-unit of the Votator assembly to permit packaging in the conventional screw-drive packaging (Morpac) ma- 75-75 F.) to permit tempering in the package.

The new margarines may also be molded as a flowable or pumpable gel following passage of the emulsion 1 through the chilling A-unit and then through the working -B-unit of the Votator assembly. This molded product sets up exceedingly firm in a matter of about ten minutes. Only after tempering overnight at room temperature (GS-75 F.) is this molded product regarded as satisfactory as a bread spread, having then the properties predicted from the SCI values. In Table 8 is a comparison of temperature conditions in the manufacture of margarine made with a novel fat of the present invention (Example 2) and in the manufacture of conventional margarine. Of particular importance, as shown in Table 8, are the dramatic effects of tempering on the body of the novel margarines of the present invention. Shortenings made with the novel fats of the present invention are likewise tempered in their container after plasticizing; tempering for 15-48 hours is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 75 F585" F.

TABLE 8 after tempering Penetrations on Prints F3 Tempera- Margarlne Processing ture, F. a

. Untem- Tempered,

pered, rum.X10 mm.Xl0

. H (0) Chilling A-unit} 49 Conventional (b) Q B-lmlt 53 a i (c) Screwdrive of chilled 62 180 200 roduct into mold. (a) O illingA-unit}.-. 46 Example 2, (b) Quiescent B-umt 52 h (c) Screw 'dr ve of ch ed 57 165 270 product into mold. .n (ulC illipg Arllnlt 60 7 Example 2 (0) Working B-unit 64 (c) Pumfiiingflowablegelinto 64 150 250 l Of the Votator assembly as described by Vogt et al., U.S. Patent N 0. 1,847,149 and by Bailey supra.

* Penetration v alues obtained on the resulting. margarines when a standard needle is drop d on to the product at the temperature indicated. The steel needle of inch diameter, 6 4 inches in length, and weighing 8.34 grams is dropped through'a glass guide tube from aheightot25 cmb I to almost immediatepackaging, i.e., within about ten 60 Another device facilitating the packaging of the marminutes-following its ejection from the quiescent B-unit. When such margarine is packaged and stored overnight in the refi'igeratorfl it remains exceedingly firm, the firmness being in sharp contrastto that predicted from the SC} figure for thegfat at 50 F. 1 However, when the margarinejs allowed to temper at room temperature, a profound change in body characteristics occurs, far more surprisingthan anything seen with conventional margarines. 'Ihe chilled packaged margarine softens markedly at surface, with the center core or the pieces beneath the surface remaining exceedingly firm. Eventually the product becomes soft and uniform to the touch, the body at room-temperature now checking with that predictable from the SCl values. At -this point, the tempered margarine returned to the refrigerator.

9show how the coconut oil additives increase the solids contents ofthe inter-esterified margarine oil at temperatureswhere increased solids are desired for packaging :purposes,'.namely at 50 F. and at 70 F. Of interest is It now has a the .observa'tionthat this improvement in body for pack- 7 TA E. 9

unhydrogenated oils to ih e ester-interchanged fat Hydro- Unhydro- Analytic Solids Content Index at- Base Fat 1 genated genated Constants ldentlty of Oil (Exple. 2), Coconut Coconut or Fat percent Fat, 7 Oil, 7 percent percent M.P., Iodine 50 F. 70 F. 80 F.- 92 F.

' F. N o.

100 0 104. 4 89. 6 16. 1 9. 1 7. 5 5. 9 Components 0 I 100 0 1 01. 0 1. 0 65. 6 43. 5 13. 7 4, 6 V 0 0 100 .7515 v 9. 5 56.1 26. 7 0. 0 0. 0 Example: v

90 0 103. 0 80. 8 22. 2 9.6 8. 6 3. 5 85 0 102. 5 76. 3 25. 8 10:8 7 8. 6 4. 5 80 0 102. 3 71. 9 28. 1 l2. 8 8. 7 5. 3 75 0 102. 0 67. 5 31. 0 14. 2 r 8. 9 5. 6 75 15 '10 102. 2 68. 3 26. 1 9. 1 8. 1 4. 9 a

' 1 Made by Procedure No. 2 from a blender 82.5% otnuhydrogenated cottonseed oil (iodine no. of 112.0, and

containing 23.6% saturated fatty acids, hydrogenated cottonseed fat (iodine no. Table 5 only in the use of another 10]; of unhydrogenated cottonseed oil.

' aging purposes'is also'associated with, improvement in mouthing characteristics (decrease in the solids content at 92 F.). 'The margarine oils of Examples 17 and 18 are the preferred ones in this series; the resulting margarines can be packed immediately without a waiting period'following extrusion from the quiescent B-unit of the Votator assembly, and mouthing properties are also improved. These packaged margarines must also be tempered at about 75 F. before regular storage: at refrigerated temperatures. i y

In Table 10 are listed the fatty acid compositions of the blends comprising addition of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated coconut oil to the novel inter-esterified margarine oil. It will be'noted that .linoleic acid content 7 and hence the essential fatty acid content of these blends are very high, i.e. inthe same order of magnitude characterizing the unhydrogenated domestic vegetable oils.

20.1% o'leic'acid, and 5I.9%'lino1eic acid) and 17.5

of 1.0), following ester: interchange; This dsifers from Example of the completely 2 of included in the present-fat may be greaterthan 15%, for example, the gas concentration may range from about 15 to based'on the total volume of the whipped margarine. The type of gas and the method by which 7 cut invention and provided specific examples thereof, it

should beunderstood that nosundue restrictions or limitations are to be imposed by reason thereof but that the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

We claim: 7 v1 A margarine comprising about 20% milk phase and about 80% of a glyceridic fat containing about 15 to of an essential fatty acid, not more than about Trans fatty acid content remains negligible. 40 10% trans fatty acid, an SCI at 70 F. of about 4 to 15,

TABLE 10 Fatty acid composition of the examples listed in.

' T able '9' Fatty Acid Composition Characterization of Unsaturates -IdentityoiOi1 or Fat 1% e' V V H H p Saturated, Oleic, Linoleic, Essential, Trans, percent 7 percent percent percent percent were (Exainple2).. sae: 39.2 fall's 42.8 42.8 1.8 Hydrogenated Coconut Fa 1.0 94.5 1. 1 0.0 0. 0 0.0 Unhydrogenated CoconutO' 9 5 8 7. 1 p 6.5 2.0 2.0 0.0 Example: 7 p 7 -16(Ma.rgarine) "85. 1' 42.1 12.9. 40,6 40.6 1.7 7 (Margariu 80.8 44. s 12.3 38.5; 38.5 1.6 18 (Margarine). 7653 47.5 11.17 36.1 36.4 1.5 19 (Margarine). 71.9: 50.3' 11.1 34.2 34.2 1.4 20 (Margarine) 67. 5 53. 1 10. 4; 32. 1 32. 1 1. 3 Example 21 (Margarine) 68.3 52. 3 11. 0' 32,3 32. 3 1. 3

In order to reduce the extent of treatment usedto reduce objectionable. color intensities ofthe present fat products; an edible gaslmay .be .incorporated therein. By dispersing'anedible" gas into..the warm margarine 7 products, the resultant margarines and shortenings have a better appearanceto the eye; :Forthese two reasons, improvement in color quality and adrier appearance, an edible gas is finely dispersed 'iniconcentrationslup: to :-15.%

. by. volume inv the product jus'tlprior to chilling; "Air and preferablyan inert gassuchas nitrogen or'carbon: dioxide,

1 ;nsed for-this purpose, "Ihe'.quantity."of"gas 'to;be

an SCI at 50 F of ahout;2 to" 8 times thatat92 F., and having the fatty acid radicals inrandornd istribution.

2. The margarine of claim l w here fatty acid comprises about 20 10 45% fatty acid is not more than.about t%,

3. A margarine compri ng abqut"2 0% nilk .phase and about of a glyceridic vegetable f atcontainingabout 25 to 40% of. an essential-fatty acid, 'not more than about 4%v trans fatty acid,,an.SCI art-70 F. 'of about 4 to 15, an SCI at 50 F. ofabout 2 tot} times that at and. having h at y ac .raisals n ran m distribution. g 1 V 4. A margarinecornprising, a .r ni llg phaseand notless than'80.% of a glyceridic' fat containing abput 15 t? 6. of an essentialfatty acid, not,,more,th an'about 10% 17 trans fatty acid, an SCI at 70 F. of about 4 to 15, an SCI at 50 F. of about 2 to 8 times that at 92 F., and having the fatty acid radicals in random distribution.

5. A margarine comprising a milk phase and not less than 80% of a blend of glyceridic fats wherein the major component is a fat having the fatty acid radicals in random distribution and the minor component is a limpid unhydrogenated vegetable oil, said fat blend containing about 25 to 60% of an essential fatty acid, not more than about 10% trans fatty acid, an SCI at 70 F. of about 4 to 15, and an SCI at 50 F. of about 2 to 8 times that at 92 F.

6. A margarine comprising a milk phase and not less than 80% of a blend of glyceridic fats wherein the major component is a fat having the fatty acid radicals in random distribution and the minor component is a hydrogenated fat, said fat blend containing about 15 to 50% of an essential fatty acid, not more than about 18 10% trans fatty acid, an SCI at 70 F. of about 4 to 15 and an SCI at 50 F. of about 2 to 8 times that at 92 F.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNETED STATES PATENTS 2,174,365 Gudheim Sept. 26, 1939 2,304,452 Gudheim Dec. 8, 1942 2,430,596 Ziels Nov. 11, 1947 2,511,428 Buxton et a1. June 13, 1950 2,511,802 Hall June 13, 1950 OTHER REFERENCES UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTIDN Patent No. 2,921,855 January 19, 1960 Daniel Melnick et al It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.

Column 5, line 35, for "means" read mean column 6, line 37, before "20" insertabout line 43, before "6%" insert about column 8, line 25, for 'Tunderstod" read understood column 8, line 13, ;Eor"'l'575 F." read 70-75 F.

Signed and sealed this 21st day of June 1960.

(SEAL) Attest:

KARL H. AXLINE Attesting Oflicer ROBERT C. WATSON Commissioner of Patents 

4. A MARGARINE COMPRISING A MILK PHASE AND NOT LESS THAN 80% OF A GLYCERIDIC FAT CONTAINING ABOUT 15 TO 60% OF AN ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID. NOT MORE THAN ABOUT 10% TRANS FATTY ACID. AN SCI AT 70* F. OF ABOUT 4 TO 15, AN SCI AT 50* F. OF ABOUT 2 TO 8 TIMES THAT AT 92* F., AND HAVING THE FATTY ACID RADICALS IN RANDOM DISTRIBUTION. 